The networking devices need IP addresses to
communicate with each other on the network. There are two types of IP addresses
versions: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6).
IPv4 Address
In IPv4 address, the host can communicate in one of
three different ways:
Unicast:
The process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host
Broadcast:
The process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network
Multicast:
The process of sending a packet form one host to selected group of hosts
There are three types of addresses in IPv4 network
range.
Network
address: A special network that refers to the network
Broadcast
address: A special address used to send data to the all hosts in the network
Host
address: The unicast address assigned to the end device in the network
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask is a 32-bit values used with IPv4 address that specifies
the network portion of the address to the network device. The subnet mask uses
1s and 0s to indicate which bits of the IPv4 address are network bits and which
bits are hosts bits.
For Example,
Network Network Address Subnet Mask Host
Range Broadcast Address
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 to 254 192.168.1.255
192.168.2.0/25 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.128 192.168.2.1
to 126 192.168.2.127
IPv4 Network Classes
Address
Classes
|
First Octet Range
|
Prefix and Mask
|
Number of
Possible Networks
|
Number of Hosts
Network
|
A
|
1 to 127
|
/8 255.0.0.0
|
126 (27)
|
16,777,217 (224 – 2)
|
B
|
128 to 191
|
/16 255.255.0.0
|
16,382 (214)
|
65,534 (216 – 2)
|
C
|
192 to 223
|
/24 255.255.255.0
|
2,097,159 (221)
|
254 (28
– 2)
|
IPv4 Public and Private Addresses
Although most IPv4 addresses are public addresses
designated for use in networks that are accessible on the Internet, there are
blocks of addresses used in network that are not accessible on the Internet.
These addresses are called private addresses.
The private address blocks are:
Class
A 10.0.0.0/8 (10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255)
Class
B 172.16.0.0/12 (172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255)
Class
C 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255)
Multicast Addresses
The multicast transmission is designed to conserve
the bandwidth of IPv4 network. It reduces the traffic by allowing a host to
send a single packet to a selected set of hosts. To reach multiple destination
hosts using unicast communication, a source host would need to send an
individual packet addressed to each host. With multicast, the source host can
send a single packet that can reach thousands of destination hosts. The address block is 224.0.0.0/4 (224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255).
Experimental Addresses
These addresses are reserved for future use. This
suggests that they could be converted to usable addresses. Currently, these
addresses are not usable in IPv4 network. However, these addresses are used for
research. The address block is 240.0.0.0/4 (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254).
Default Route
The default route is “catch all” route to route
packets when the specific route is not available. The default route address
block is 0.0.0.0/8 (0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255).
Loopback
The loopback address is special address that hosts
use to direct traffic to themselves. The address block is 127.0.0.0/8
(127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255).
Link-Local Addresses
These link-local addresses can be automatically
assigned to the local host by the operating system in environment where no IP
configuration is available. The address block is 169.254.0.0/16 (169.254.0.0 to
169.254.255.255).
Test-Net Addresses
The test-net-addresses are set aside for teaching
and learning purpose. The address block is 192.0.2.0/24 (192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255).
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