Routing Protocols

                  Generally there are two types of routing protocols: Interior Gateway Protocols and Exterior Gateway Protocols. Interior Gateway Protocols are divided into two types: Distance-Vector and Link State.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Most companies obtain IP address blocks from ISPs. ISPs connect our data network to the Internet. ISPs have their own set of internal data networks to manage Internet connectivity and to provide related services.

ISP Tiers

ISPs are designated by a hierarchy based on their level of connectivity to the Internet backbone. Each lower tier obtains connectivity to the backbone through a connection of a higher tier ISP.

Tier 1

Tier 1 ISPs are at the top of ISP hierarchy. They are directly connected to Internet Backbone. The primary advantages for customers of Tier 1 ISPs are reliability and speed. There are less opportunities for failure or traffic bottlenecks as Tier 1 ISP customers are only one connection away from Internet.

Tier 2

Tier 2 ISPs get their internet services from Tier 1 ISPs. So, the internet bandwidth and reliability are lower than Tier 1 ISPs.

Tier 3

Tier 3 ISPs purchase their internet services from Tier 2 ISPs. Generally, the internet bandwidth and reliability are lower Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISPs.

IP Addresses

The networking devices need IP addresses to communicate with each other on the network. There are two types of IP addresses versions: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6).

IPv4 Address

                   In IPv4 address, the host can communicate in one of three different ways:

    Unicast: The process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host

   Broadcast: The process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network

   Multicast: The process of sending a packet form one host to selected group of hosts

                   There are three types of addresses in IPv4 network range.

   Network address: A special network that refers to the network

   Broadcast address: A special address used to send data to the all hosts in the network

   Host address: The unicast address assigned to the end device in the network

Subnet Mask

                   The subnet mask is a 32-bit values used with IPv4 address that specifies the network portion of the address to the network device. The subnet mask uses 1s and 0s to indicate which bits of the IPv4 address are network bits and which bits are hosts bits.

OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

OSI Model

                     The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model provides an abstract description of the network communication process. International Organization for Standard (ISO) develops it to provide a road map for non-proprietary protocol development. The OSI model is just a reference model and many of OSI protocols are no longer in use. There are seven layers in OSI Model. Those are as follows:

Layer 7 -  Application

                        Performs services for the application used by the end users.

Layer 6 -  Presentation

                       Provides data format information to the application.

Layer 5 -  Session

                      Manages session between users.

Layer 4 -  Transport

                     Defines data segments and numbers them at the source, transfers the data, and reassembles the data at the destination.

Layer 3 -  Network

                    Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery through intermediary devices in other network.

Layer 2 - Data Link

                    Creates and addresses frames for host-to-host delivery on the local LANs and between WAN devices.

Layer 1 - Physical

                    Transmits binary data over media between devices. Physical layer protocols define media specifications.

Network Protocols

Network Protocols are machine languages used to communicate the devices on the network. For devices to communicate on a network, they must follow different protocols that perform the many tasks to be complicated. The protocols define the followings:

Ø  The format of the message, such as how much data to put into each segment

Ø  The way intermediary devices share information about the path to the destination

Ø  The method to handle update messages between intermediary devices

Ø  The process to initiate and terminate communications between hosts
The examples of Network Protocols are as follows:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):  HTTP is a common protocol that controls the wa that a web server and web client interact.

Transport Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversions between a web server and web client. TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segment, to be sent to the destination client. It also controls the size and rate of messages exchanged between the server and the client.

      Internet Protocol (IP): IP takes the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulates them into packets, assign the appropriate addresses, and select the best path to the destination client.

Network Access Protocols: Network access protocols describe two primary functions: data-link management and the physical transmission of data on the media. Data-link management protocols take the packets from IP and format them to be transmitted over the media. The physical media controls how the signals are sent over the media and how they are interpreted by the receiving clients.

Short Description of Networking Devices

Desktop Computer

A common computer used in a home or offices.

Laptop

A portable computer.

IP Phone

A digital telephone that carries voice at data over networks instead of analog phone lines.

LAN Media

Local-area network media, usually copper cable.

Wireless Media

Depicts local-area network wireless access.

Switch

The most common devices for interconnecting local-area networks

Router

A device that helps direct message between networks

Firewall

A device that provides security network.

Server

A common computer dedicated to provide application services to end users on a network. Server stores information to share with its clients.

The things we need to check when buying computers

- System Model and Generation
- Processor
- RAM
 - Graphic
- Network Interface Card (NIC)
- Hard Disk
 - And the most important is price.

How to check system information in computer with windows os

We need to check the system information when we buy new computers or old computers.

 To check the system

1. Press Windows + R key together.

2. Type dxdiag or msinfo32 in the run box and click ok.

Then you will see the system information about the computer.

LAN and WAN

LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN is the network that is interconnected by two or more LANs. WAN is not only defined by a larger geographic distance, but also generally defined by leased telecommunication circuits.

Sample Network Diagram for Small Office

Access Point

Normally, the access points allow the users to connect the Internet through the Wired Network(Switch, Router, Modem, etc....).

Switches

The switch (layer 2) normally receive the packets, process it and forward data to the destination.

Routers

Normally, the router is used to connect the different networks. But there are so many router functions if detailed.

Modem

The Modem is the common networking device that turns the digital data of an electronic device into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.

Internet

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

I want to explain about VPN because some of my friends are confusing about VPN.

The big companies use VPN to get secured network connection to connect offices, industries, etc... from different locations through the Internet. (for example, most of the banks use VPN).

Generally, there are two types of VPN.(More than two if detailed)

1. Side-to-Side VPN.

2. Remote Access VPN.

Internet Speed Test

We can do internet speed test by using fast.com.

To do internet speed test, open the web browser and just type fast.com in it.

Then, you can see the internet speed.

How to create bootable usb disk

1. Insert your usb disk  into your computer.

2. Press Windows + R  keys together.

3. Type cmd  in the run box.

4. Type diskpart  in the command prompt.

5. Click OK when the User Access Control Box is appeared.

6. Typelist disk  in the command prompt.

7. You will see the disks.

8. Type select disk  1 or 2 or something  (choose the usb disk number you want to make bootable).

9. Type clean in the command prompt.

10. Type create partition primary.

11. Type select partition 1.

12. Type active.

13. Type format fs = ntfs . (Wait until the format completes)

14. Type assign .

15. Copy the files from Windows Dvd or ISO or somewhere to the usb disk.

16. Now you can use this usb as a bootable disk .

Myanmar Font & Keyboard For Windows

Myanmar (Zawgyi) Font & Keyboard for Windows.
Please download here.
   
Note: I credit to Original Developer.

How to test network connection

We can use ping command to test network connection. In this example, we will use www.google.com to test.

1. Press windows and R keys together.

2. Type cmd in the run box.

3. Type ping www.google.com in the command prompt.

Then you will see the network connection status.

How to check IP address in your computer

1. Press windows + R keys together.
2. Type cmd in the run box.
3. Type ipconfig  or ip config /all in the command prompt.
4. Then you will see the IP address of your computer.

How to clean up the disks in your computer

1. Press Windows + R  keys together.
2. Type Control  in the run box.
3. Click the System and Security.
4. Click the Free up disk space under the Administrative Tools.
5. Select the drive (C or D or Something)  you want to clean up.
6. Click Ok. (Wait a moment).
7. Select All and click Ok.
8. Click Delete Files.
You can cleanup the disks in your computer by this way.

Myanmar Font For Viber in PC

 1. Please click here to download Myanmar Font for Viber.

2. Press Windows and R keys together

3. Type fonts in the run box.

4. Copy and paste Myanmar Font you've downloaded.

5. Then restart your computer.

How to update Browsers in our computers

Some people say that they can't use internet well although the internet and their computers are very fast. When the browsers in our computers are very out of date, we can't use internet well. So we need to update our browsers at that time. Now I'll tell you how to update the Browsers.

How to update Google Chrome.

1. Open your Google Chrome.
2. Click this button at the upper right corner of the google chrome.
3. And then click about Google Chrome.
4. If the message box is appeared, click Yes.

How to update Firefox.

1. Open your Firefox browser.
2. Click Help in the menu bar.
3. Click About Firefox.

How to change Myanmar Fonts in Browsers

If we can't see myanmar font in the browsers even though we've already installed myanmar fonts in our computers. We need to change fonts in Browsers.

In Google Chrome

1. Open Your Google Chrome
2. Go to Setting
3. Click Show Advanced Settings
4. Click Customized Fonts under Web Content
5. Choose Choose Zawgyione under Fonts and Encoding

In Mozilla Firefox

1. Open Your Mozilla Firefox
2. Go to Options
3. Click Content
4. Choose Zawgyi One as Default Font 
 

Freemake Video Downloader For PC

           








   ***  Hi, Happy New Year To All  ***
By using Freemake Video Downloader, you can download Video from round about 10,000 sites such as Youtube, Facebook, Vimeo and Dailymotion.
        If you want the offline installer, please download here.

ShweYoe Dictionary

Shweyoe Dictionary (English, Russia, Korea, Japan, Thai to    Myanmar). Please download here.

Note: I credit to Original Developer.